Teori Struktural Klasik

Terori adalah suatu ilmu pengetahuan yang telah di uji kebenaranya atau merupakan suatu kerangka yang merupakan alat pikir untuk membantu suatu rumusan tertentu yang bisa di kembangkan. Secara umum adalah suatu pedoman yang diberikan orang terbuka atau sekitarnya yang mampu memberi proses pekerjaan.

Menurut Ernest Dale organisasi adalah suatu proses perencanaan yang meliputi  penyusunan, pengembangan, dan pemeliharaan suatu struktur atau pola hubungan kerja dari orang – orang dalam suatu kerja kelompok, dan menurut Cyril Soffer organisasi adalah perserikatan orang – orang yang masing – masing diberi peran tertentu dalam suatu sistem kerja dan pembagian dimana pekerjaan itu diperinci menjadi tugas – tugas, dibagikan kemudian di gabung lagi dalam beberapa bentuk hasil.

Secara umum dapat di simpulkan bahwa bahwa organisasi adalah sekelompok orang yang saling bekerja sama untuk mencapai tujuan bersama.

A.    Ciri – ciri organisasi

1.      Lembaga sosial yang terdiri atas kumpulan orang dalam berbagai pola interaksi yang di tetapkan.

2.      Di kembangakan untuk mencapai tujuan.

3.      Secara sadar dikoordinasi dan dengan sengaja disusun.

4.      Instrumen sosial yang mempunyai batasan yang secara relatif dapat diidentifikasi.

B.     Perkembangan teori organisasi

Teori organisasi klasik

Teori ini biasa di sebut dengan teori tradisional atau disebut juga teori mesin. Berkembang mulai 1800-an atau abad ke-19. Dalam teori ini organisasi di gambarkan sebuah lembaga yang di tresentralisasi dan tugas – tugasnya terspesialisasi serta memberikan petunjuk mekanistik struktural yang kaku serta tidak memberikan kreatifitas.

Dalam teori organisasi di gambarkan seperti toet atau nada piano dimana masing – masing nada mempunyai spesialisasi “do..re..mi..fa..so..la..si..do..” dimana apabila tiap nada dirangkai maka akan tercipta lagu yang indah begitu juga dengan organisasi. Dalam teori organisasi  secara umum di gambarkan sangat tersentralisasi dan tugas – tugasnya terspesialisasi serta memberikan petunjuk mekanistik yang struktural. Teori klasik mendefinisikan organisasi sebagai struktur hubungan, kekuasaan – kekuasaan, tujuan – tujuan,  peranan – peranan, kegiatan – kegiatan, komunikasi dan faktor – faktor lain yang terjadi apabila orang – orang bekerjasama.

Aliran klasik mengembangkan prinsip – prinsip atau model universal yang dapat digunakan dalam semua keadaan, melihat organisasi sebagai sistem tertutup yang di ciptakan untuk mencapai tujuan dengan efesien, jadi inti dari organisasi klasik adalah efesiensi dan mekanistik sedangakan berdasarkan prespektif sistem teori organisasi klasik bersifat tertutup dan berdasarkan sifat tujuan yang bersifat rasional.

Teori Klasik berkembang dalam 3 Aliran:

1.      BIROKRASI dikembangkan dari Ilmu Sosiologi

2.  ADMINISTRASI langsung dari praktek manajemen memusatkan Aspek Makro sebuah organisasi.

3. MANAJEMEN ILMIAH langsung dari praktek manajemen memusatkan Aspek Mikro sebuah organisasi.

Semua teori diatas dikembangkan sekitar tahun 1900-1950. Pelopor teori ini kebanyakan dari sebuah negara berbentuk kerajaan “Mesir, Cina & Romawi”.

TEORI BIROKRASI

Dikemukakan oleh “MAX WEBER” dalam buku “The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism” dan “The Theory of Social and Economic Organization”.

Istilah BIROKRASI berasal dari kata LEGAL_RASIONAL

“Legal” disebakan adanya wewenang dari seperangkat aturan prosedur dan peranan yang dirumuskan secara jelas.  Sedangkan “Rasional”  karena adanya penetapan tujuan yang ingin dicapai.

Karekteristik-karekteristik birokrasi menurut Max Weber :

1.      Pembagian kerja

2.      Hirarki wewenang

3.      Program  rasional

4.      Sistem Prosedur

5.      Sistem Aturan hak kewajiban

6.      Hubungan antar pribadi yang bersifat impersonal

TEORI ADMINISTRASI

Teori ini dikembangkan oleh Henry Fayol, Lyndall Urwick dari Eropa  dan James D. Mooney, Allen Reily dari Amerika.

HENRY FAYOL (1841-1925)  Seorang industrialis asal Perancis tahun 1916 menulis sebuah buku “Admistration industrtrielle et Generale” diterjemahkan dalam bahasa inggris 1926 dan baru dipublikasikan di amerika 1940.

14 Kaidah manjemen menurut Fayol yang menjadi dasar teori administrasi :

1.      Pembagian kerja

2.      Wewenang & tanggung jawab

3.      Disiplin

4.      Kesatuan perintah

5.      Kesatuan pengarahan

6.      Mendahulukan kepentingan umum

7.      Balas jasa

8.      Sentralisasi

9.      Rantai Skalar

10.  Aturan

11.  Keadilan

12.  Kelanggengan personalia

13.  Inisiatif

14.  Semangat korps

Fayol membagi kegiatan industri menjadi 6 kelompok :

1.      Kegiatan Teknikal (Produksi, Manufaktur, Adaptasi)

2.      Kegiatan Komersil (Pembelian, Penjualan, Pertukaran)

3.      Kegiatan Financial (penggunaan optimum modal)

4.      Kegiatan Keamanan

5.      Kegiatan Akuntansi

6.      Kegiatan Manajerial atau “FAYOL’s FUNCTIONALISM” yaitu :

a.       Perencanaan

b.      Pengorganisasian

c.       Pemberian perintah

d.      Pengkoordinasian

MANAJEMEN ILMIAH

Dikembangkan tahun 1900 oleh FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR.  Definisi Manajemen Ilmiah:

“Penerapan metode ilmiah pada studi, analisa dan pemecahan masalah organisasi” atau “Seperangkat mekanisme untuk meningkatkan efesiensi kerja”.

F.W. TAYLOR menuangkan ide dalam tiga makalah: “Shop Management”, “The Principle Oif Scientific Management” dan “Testimony before the Special House Comitte”.  Dari tiga makalah tersebut lahir sebuah buku “Scientific Management”. 

Berkat jasa-jasa yang sampai sekarang konsepnya masih dipergunakan pada praktek manajemen modern maka F.W. TAYLOR dijuluki sebagai “BAPAK MANAJEMEN ILMIAH”.

Empat kaidah Manajemen menurut Frederick W. Taylor :

1.      Menggantikan metode kerja dalam praktek dengan metode atas dasar ilmu pengetahuan.

2.      Mengadakan seleksi, latihan dan pengembangan karyawan.

3.     Pengembangan ilmu tentang kerja, seleksi, latihan dan pengembangan secara ilmiah perlu intregasikan.

4.      Perlu dikembangkan semangat dan mental karyawan untuk mencapai manfaat manajemen ilmiah.

Contoh teori struktural klasik yang meliputi sebuah perusahaan ataupun lembaga :

Struktur berkaitan dengan hubungan logis dalam organisasi, yaitu lini dan staf.

Lini berarti bahwa kewenangan terakhir terletak pada jabatan-jabatan dalam struktur itu.

Contoh: struktur lini sebuah universitas untuk masalah pengajaran, meliputi staf pengajar, ketua jurusan, dekan, dan pembantu rektor bidang akademik.

Pengaturannya bersifat hierarkis atau pyramid, karena terdapat lebih banyak staf pengajar daripada ketua jurusan, lebih banyak ketua jurusan daripada dekan, dan seterusnya.

Staf

Tenaga staf secara tradisional member nasihat dan jasa untuk membantu lini. Bila usulan seorang ahli  dari staf diterima oleh atasan lininya, usulan itu disebarkan atas kewenangan manager lini, bukan kewenangan staf.

Namun seiring berjalannya waktu, peranan staf sebagai penasihat telah berubah. Sekarang anggota staf diberi kewenangan perintah terbatas.

Contoh: departemen personalia atau departemen latihan dan pengembangan, meskipun merupakan suatu fungsi staf, boleh mengusulkan metode latihan kerja bagi semua pegawai baru, terlepas dari tugas lini mereka.

Struktur Tinggi dan Struktur Datar

Berdasarkan perbedaan dalam jumlah tingkat kewenangan dan variasi dalam rentang pengawasan pada setiap tingkat (span of control), terbagi dua: struktur tinggi/ vertical dan struktur datar/ horizontal.

Struktur Tinggi	Struktur Datar
-          Pengawasan ketat	-          Pengawasan sedang-sedang saja
-          Semangat kelompok	-          Aktivitas individualistic
-          Persaingan melalui hubungan pribadi	-          Persaingan secara terbuka
-          Pertambahan tanggung jawab secara bertahap	-          Tanggung jawab lebih besar pada tingkat lebih bawah
-          Ketidakamanan yang konstan mengenai status	-          Penilaian objektif
-          Penekanan pada teknik manajemen	-          Penekanan pada kebebasan individu
-          Banyaknya peraturan	-          Lebih sedikit peraturan

Rentang Pengawasan

Menunjukkan jumlah bawahan yang berada di bawah pengawasan seorang atasan. Secara teori, seorang manager mampu mengawasi paling tidak lima atau enam orang bawahan. Tapi dalam prakteknya sangat bervariasi.

Contoh:                            

Perusahan dagang eceran yang memiliki empat tingkat kewenangan, seorang manager mungkin membawahi 20 atau 30 penyelia.

Semakin banyak tingkat kewenangan dalam suatu perusahaan, seorang manager makin sedikit membawahi penyelia.

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Vimax - Increase Penis 3-4 Inches In Diameter And A Thickness Up To 25%

Suplement

Vimax pill has become one of the most popular and widely recognized penis enlargement pill on the market. Vimax was first created by a team of physicians who specialize in natural male enhancement. This is a 100% natural formulation that consists of herbal ingredients which are found from around the world including Polynesia. Let's review how this product works.

So how do male enhancement pills work?

Your penis consists of an erectile chamber called the corpora cavernosa. During erection, the corpora cavernosa to fill with blood until it is fully erect. Recently found that the size of your erection erection is limited by the size of the room.

Vimax works by increasing the blood flow into the corpora cavernosa. By increasing blood flow, it will force the penile tissue space to expand as a result. Your penile tissue space will now be able to hold more blood than ever before which will result in increased length 3-4 inches and girth thickness reaches 25%.Upon further review, we find that the manufacturer claims the following benefits can be achieved by taking only 1 capsule a day regularly.

- Erection bigger and harder because of the increased blood flow

- Stop premature ejaculation

- Significantly increase sexual desire and stamina

- Increased sexual pleasure and more intense orgasm

- The area of ​​sexual health as a whole

We did some more research and reviews on vimax pills and trying to find information on some of the ingredients vimax. Here is a description of the 4 materials that we found in the penis enlargement pills. There are many other ingredients in this pill.

Horny Goat Weed

This material is a natural aphrodisiac that has been proven to increase libido and improve erectile function. It works by freeing up testosterone, which allows you to have a greater sex drive and improved sexual stamina and sensation.

Ginkgo

We review this material and we found that it is used to help male impotence and male infertility help. Studies have also shown that Ginkgo helps prevent premature ejaculation and increasing genital circulation.

Saw Palmetto

We did some review on Saw Palmetto and found that it increases libido in men and increased sexual drive.

Cayenne Fruit

Used to ward off disease and equalize blood circulation. It may also prevent strokes and heart attacks by increasing the heart action but not the blood pressure. He has the ability to rebuild tissue and also helps combat fatigue.

We believe Vimax is the premier choice for male enhancement pills. One of the reasons why we think it's one penis enlargement products are as high quality materials. Product consists of 100% natural and herbal ingredients that have been clinically tested for safety and effectiveness. Several pills male enhancement others contain Yohimbe. Yohimbe as a warning label placed on it by the FDA for dangerous side effects.

Are there any side effects in this product?

After reviewing our full vimax, we did not find any adverse effects that have been reported among users. However, we found that these pills are manufactured in an FDA approved facility. We believe this is a good choice for anyone looking for a safe way to increase their penis size naturally.

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Total Curve - tips enlarge breasts

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Product Format:
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Target Audience:
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Vimax Extender - pamper your penis and couples

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Vimax Extender, unlike many other products on the market, do not force your penile lengthening. Using the body's natural ability to adapt under pressure, and this way, you get long quickly.

When the erection of your penis and at that time the volume of blood flowing to your penis to fill the erectile tissue increased as a result of the secretion of hormones from the brain. Corpora cavernosa, penile tissue that are responsible for erections. But when this little network, the number of erections you get will be limited.

Let's look at some of the benefits in this review:

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